References

• Akarca, A.T., & Long, T.V. (1980). On the relationship between energy and GDP: A reexamination. J. EnergyDev., 5, 326- 331
• Akinlo, A. E. (2009). Electricity consumption and economic growth in Nigeria: evidence from cointegration and co-feature analysis. Journal of Policy Modeling, 31(5), 681-693.
• Alam, S., & Butt, M. S. (2002). Causality between energy and economic growth in Pakistan: An application of co-integration and error-correction modeling techniques. Pacific and Asian Journal of Energy, 12(2), 151.
• Alter, N., & Syed, S. H. (2011) An Empirical Analysis of Electricity Demand in Pakistan. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 1(4), 116.
• Altinay, G., Karagol, E. (2005). Electricity consumption and economic growth: evidence from Turkey. Energy Econ. 27, 849-856
• Amjid, S. S., Bilal, M. Q., Nazir, M. S., & Hussain, A. (2011). Biogas, renewable energy resource for Pakistan. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15(6), 2833- 2837.
• Ang, J. B. (2008). Economic development, pollutant emissions and energy consumption in Malaysia. Journal of Policy Modeling, 30(2), 271-278.
• Anwar, S., & Sun, S. (2011). Financial development, foreign investment and economic growth in Malaysia. Journal of Asian Economics, 22(4), 335-342.
• Aqeel, A., Butt, M.S. (2001). The Relationship between Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in Pakistan. AsiaPac. Dev. J. 8, 101-110
• Asafu-Adjaye, J. (2000). The Relationship between energy consumption, energy prices and economic growth: time series evidence from Asian developing countries. Energy Econ. 22, 615-625
• Batliwala, S., & Reddy, A. K. (1994). Energy consumption and population. Population: The Complex Reality.
• Belloumi, M. (2009). Energy consumption and GDP in Tunisia: co-integration and causality analysis. Energy Policy, 37(7), 2745-2753.
• Chen, S.T., Kuo, H.I., Chen, C.C. (2007).The relationship between GDP and electricity consumption in 10 Asian countries. Energy Policy 35, 2611-2621
• Cheng, B. S. (1995). An investigation of cointegration and causality between energy consumption and economic growth. Journal of Energy and Development, 21(1).
• Central Intelligence Agency World Fact Book (CIA-WFB). (2018). Asia Pakistan Report. Central Intelligence Agency, Washington, DC.Available . Accessed 17 may 2018.
• Cifter, A., &Ozun, A. (2007). Multi-scale causality between energy consumption and GNP in emerging markets: evidence from Turkey.
• De Mello Jr, L. R. (1997). Foreign direct investment in developing countries and growth: A selective survey. The Journal of Development Studies, 34(1), 1-34
• Ellahi, N. (2011) Testing the relationship between electricity supply, development of industrial sector and economic growth: an empirical analysis using time series data for Pakistan. International Journal of Management Science and Engineering Management, 6(4), 272-277.
• Erol, U., Yu, E.S.H. (1987). On the causal relationship between energy and income for industrialized countries. J. Energy Dev. 13, 113-122
• Ghosh, S. (2002) Electricity consumption and economic growth in India, Energy Policy, 30, 125129.
• Gurgul, H., & Lach, Ł. (2012). The electricity consumption versus economic growth of the Polish economy. Energy Economics, 34(2), 500-510.
• Halicioglu, F. (2009). An econometric study of CO 2 emissions, energy consumption, income and foreign trade in Turkey. Energy Policy, 37(3), 1156-1164.
• Haq, M. (2015) CPEC group forecasts energy shortfall to increase to 10,844 MW. The Express Tribune
• Husain, T. (2010). Pakistan's energy sector issues: energy efficiency and energy environmental links. The Lahore Journal of Economics, 15, 33.
• IEA (2018). [Accessed on 07-02-2019]
• Jamil, F., & Ahmad, E. (2010).The relationship between electricity consumption, electricity prices and GDP in Pakistan. Energy Policy, 38(10), 6016-6025
• Jumbe, C. B. (2004). Cointegration and causality between electricity consumption and GDP: empirical evidence from Malawi. Energy Economics, 26(1), 61-68.
• Kalar, Z-H. &Khilji, B.A. (2011). Energy Consumption and Economic Growth ln Pakistan. Journal of International Academic Research, 11(1), 33-36.
• Karagol, E. (2006). The relationship between external debt, defence expenditures and GNP revisited: The case of Turkey. Defence and Peace Economics, 17(1), 47-57.
• Khan, M. A., Qayyum, A., & Ahmad, E. (2007). Dynamic modeling of energy and growth in South Asia [with Comments].The Pakistan Development Review, 481-498
• Kouakou A. (2011). Economic Growth and Electricity Consumption in Cote d‘Ivoire: Evidence from Time Series Analysis, Energy Policy, 39, 3638-3644
• Kraft, J., and Kraft, A. (1978). On the relationship between energy and GDP. J. Energy Dev. 3, 401-403
• Lean, H. H., & Smyth, R. (2010). On the dynamics of aggregate output, electricity consumption and exports in Malaysia: evidence from multivariate Granger causality tests. Applied Energy, 87(6), 1963-1971.
• Liao, H., & Wei, Y. M. (2010). China's energy consumption: A perspective from Divisia aggregation approach. Energy, 35(1), 28-34.
• Lorde, T., Waithe, K., & Francis, B. (2010). The importance of electrical energy for economic growth in Barbados. Energy Economics, 32(6), 1411-1420.
• Lotfalipour, M. R., Falahi, M. A., & Ashena, M. (2010). Economic growth, CO2 emissions, and fossil fuels consumption in Iran. Energy, 35(12), 5115-5120.
• Macdonald, R. (1993) long run purchasing parity: is it for real? The Review of Economics and Statistics, 75(4), 690-695.
• Malik, A. (2012). Power crisis in Pakistan: a crisis in governance. Pakistan Institute of Development Economics.
• Masih, A.M.M., and Masih, R., (1996). Energy consumption, real income and temporal causality: results from a multi-country study based on Cointegration and errorcorrection modeling techniques. Energy Economics 18, 165183.
• Mehra, M. (2007). Energy consumption and economic growth: the case of oil exporting countries, Energy Policy, 35, 2939-2945.
• Muhammad, S., Lean, H. H., & Muhammad, S. S. (2011). Environmental Kuznets curve and the role of energy consumption in Pakistan.
• Narayan, P.K., & Smyth, R. (2009) Electricity consumption, employment and real income in Australia: evidence from multivariate Granger casualty test, Energy Policy, 33, 11091116.
• Nathan, T. M., Liew, V. K., & Wong, W. K. (2016). Disaggregated energy consumption and sectoral outputs in Thailand: ARDL bound testing approach. Journal of Management Sciences, 3(1), 34-46.
• Nourzad, F. (2000). The productivity effect of government capital in developing and industrialized countries. Applied Economics, 32(9), 1181-1187
• Nwankwo. M., Chigozie. O., Njogo. D ., & Oluchukwu. B. (2010) The Effect of Electricity Supply on Industrial Production within the Nigerian Economy (1970-2010).
• Odhiambo, N. M. (2009). Electricity consumption and economic growth in South Africa: A trivariate causality test. Energy Economics, 31(5), 635-640.
• Omri, A. (2013). CO2 emissions, energy consumption and economic growth nexus in MENA countries: evidence from simultaneous equations models. Energy Economics, 40, 657-664.
• Omri, A., & Kahouli, B. (2014). Causal relationships between energy consumption, foreign direct investment and economic growth: Fresh evidence from dynamic simultaneous-equations models. Energy Policy, 67, 913-922.
• Ouédraogo, I. M. (2010). Electricity consumption and economic growth in Burkina Faso: A cointegration analysis. Energy Economics, 32(3), 524-531.
• Pakistan-Economic.-Survey.(2016-17). Retrieved from
• Pindyck, R. S., & Daniel, L. Rubinfeld(1998) Econometric Models and Economic Forecasts New York.
• Raza, S. A., Jawaid, S. T., & Siddiqui, M. H. (2016). Electricity consumption and economic growth in South Asia. South Asia Economic Journal, 17(2), 200-215
• Sahir, M. H., & Qureshi, A. H. (2007). Specific concerns of Pakistan in the context of energy security issues and geopolitics of the region. Energy Policy, 35(4), 2031- 2037.
• Sari, R., Ewing, B. T., & Soytas, U. (2008). The relationship between disaggregate energy consumption and industrial production in the United States: an ARDL approach. Energy Economics, 30(5), 2302-2313.
• Sezgin, Y. (2004). Theorizing Formal Pluralism: Quantification of Legal Pluralism for Spatio-Temporal Analysis. The Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law, 36(50), 101-118.
• Shahbaz, M., & Feridun, M. (2012). Electricity consumption and economic growth empirical evidence from Pakistan. Quality & Quantity, 46(5), 1583-1599.
• Shahbaz, M., Zeshan, M., & Afza, T. (2012). Is energy consumption effective to spur economic growth in Pakistan? New evidence from bounds test to level relationships and Granger causality tests. Economic Modelling,29(6), 2310- 2319.
• Sharif, A., & Raza, S. A. (2016). Dynamic relationship between urbanization, energy consumption and environmental degradation in Pakistan: Evidence from structure break testing. Journal of Management Sciences, 3(1), 1-21
• Sharma, S. S. (2010). The relationship between energy and economic growth: empirical evidence from 66 countries. Applied Energy, 87(11), 3565-3574.
• Solow, R. M. (1956). A contribution to the theory of economic growth. The quarterly journal of economics, 70(1), 65-94.
• Stern, D. I., & Cleveland, C. J. (2004). Energy and economic growth. Encyclopedia of Energy, 2, 35-51.
• Tang, C.F. (2009). A re-examination of the relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth in Malaysia. Energy Policy 36, 3077-3085.
• Bhutta, Z. (2018).
• The Expess Tribune. (2018). Retrieved from
• Toda, H.Y., & Yamamoto, T. (1995). Statistical inferences in vector Autoregressions with possibly integrated processes. J. Econom. 66, 225-250.
• Toman, M. A., &Jemelkova, B. (2003). Energy and economic development: An assessment of the state of knowledge. The Energy Journal, 93-112.
• Udah, E. B. (2010). Industrial Development, Electricity and Economic Performance in Nigeria. European Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Sciences.18.
• Wolde-Rafael, Y. (2004) Disaggregated industrial energy consumption and GDP: the case of Shanghai 1952-1999, Energy Economics, 26, 69-75.
• Wolde-Rufael, Y. (2006). Electricity consumption and economic growth: a time series experience for 17 African countries. Energy Policy, 34(10), 1106-1114.
• Wolde-Rufael, Y. (2009). Energy consumption and economic growth: the experience of African countries revisited. Energy Economics, 31(2), 217-224.
• World Economic Outlook. (2018). Retrieved from
• Yoo, S. H., & Kwak, S. Y. (2010). Electricity consumption and economic growth in seven South American countries. Energy Policy, 38(1), 181-188.
• Yuan, J. H., Kang, J. G., Zhao, C. H., & Hu, Z. G. (2008). Energy consumption and economic growth: evidence from China at both aggregated and disaggregated levels. Energy Economics, 30(6), 3077-3094.
• Zaman, K., Khan, M. M., Ahmad, M., & Rustam, R. (2012). Determinants of electricity consumption function in Pakistan: Old wine in a new bottle. Energy Policy, 50, 623-634.
• Zaleski, P. (2001). Energy and geopolitical issues. Energy Security, Discovery Publishing House, New Delhi. S
• Zhang, X. P., & Cheng, X. M. (2009). Energy consumption, carbon emissions, and economic growth in China. Ecological Economics, 68(10), 2706-2712.